For example, across various studies and measures of individualism, the United Kingdom, the United States, and The Netherlands are consistently among the most individualistic countries, whereas Pakistan, Nigeria, and Peru are among the most collectivist countries. Part of this generalization was a result of conceptualizing collectivism—individualism as a bipolar dimension Hofstede, While in more collectivistic culture, people are loyal to their inner group by birth, such as their extended family and their local community.
Japanese are experienced as collectivistic by Western standards and experienced as Individualist by Asian standards. The Israeli society is a blend of Individualist and collectivistic cultures And at the same time extended families, with many children and close ties to all other family members are a part of society as well.
There is a strong belief in the ideal of self-actualization. Communal solidarity and similarity was officially claimed. Since the s, however, Israel has become an increasingly individualist-oriented culture.
Power Distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. With a score of 13 points Israel is at the very low end of this dimension compared to other countries. Showed that different cultures have different views on what is intelligent and what is stupid.
Intelligence is one general ability that underlies all specific mental capabilities. This contrasts with individualistic cultures, which often place a greater emphasis on characteristics such as assertiveness and independence.
Collectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires. Collectivism and individualism deeply pervade cultures. A relationship between individualism and happiness has been observed in many studies, with collectivist cultures having lower indices of happiness.
It is often argued that this effect arises because people in individualist countries have greater independence and more freedom to pursue personal goals. The downside of collectivism is that the individual often quells his or her own interests, and does not realize his or her full personal potential.
The Philippines, with a score of 32, is considered a collectivistic society. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. In the workplace, supportive managers may reinforce collectivism by offering incentives or extending other positive gestures. Collectivist are valued and judged based on their loyalty and sacrifice to the community, group, or organization.
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Philosophies, such as Confuscism, have a heavy hold on contemporary Asian collectivism. Women tend to be more collectivistic on average than men Zeffane Collectivism can sometimes manifest in very-involved child rearing.
For example, in Chinese culture, children and adults do most activities together, and parents are in close proximity to their children at all times, particularly when the child is under five years old.
This fosters mutual dependency, making it desirable for a child to live with older parents or visit frequently. After scolding a child, in Chinese and Russian cultures, the parent attempts to reeastablish closeness through affection, resulting in a personality that is optimistic, trusting, and sociable Rohner Collectivist child-rearing tends to be more affectionate, but more controlling than individualistic child-rearing.
On the reverse, collectivistic child rearing can also be the result of a large family. Extended families make collectivism more likely because any one child cannot receive special treatment.
Parents in large extended families do not have the resources to cater to the exacting needs of any one child when, for example cooking Triandis Collectivists tend to define themselves in relation to others, and group membership is a central aspect of collectivist identity Hofstede, This manifests literally in the naming conventions of some collectivist cultures.
For example, in traditional Indonesian culture, people have first names but are referred to more commonly by their birth order Triandis In collectivism, people are interdependent, rather than independent. The well-being of the group defines the success and well-being of the individual, and as such, one protects oneself by considering the needs and feelings of others.
History is more important to collectivists than individualists, as collectivists see themselves as part of a long chain of relationships over hundreds and thousands of years. The values of this historical collective supersede those of the individual, and thus the decisions of the collective can trump those of the individualist Triandis Collectivist relationships are centered around the ingroup. However, these ingroups vary dramatically between individualists and collectivists.
While individualists maintain ties to a large number of ingroups, each of these revolving around a shared interest, collectivists belong to a more limited number of ingroups, defined by a diverse set of values and interests Hofstede Collectivists value interpersonal harmony, and will maintain established relationships even if these relationships are not in their best interests. This is not to say, however, that collectivists do not make some calculations as to whether or not to maintain a relationship.
This is reflected in the language of traditionally collectivist cultures, such as Japan. This feeling of shinyuu is often described by Japanese individuals as being willing to give up your life for another Cargile Collectivism gives little credence to the idea that relationships happen between individuals.
Rather, relationships happen in groups. Adults from Asian collectivist cultures, for example, are more likely to do activities — such as skiing — in groups than those from individualistic cultures, who tend to do such sports alone or in couples. The use of the Japanese word Nakama — friend group — to describe interpersonal relationships has the connotation that friendship happens interdependently, rather than between any two individuals Cargile This sense of closeness and interdependence extends to the collectivist extended family, and the child-rearing practices of collectivist societies.
For example, a stranger may scold a Russian mother for not wrapping up her baby tightly. The outcomes and ways of parenting children are seen as an extension of the group as a whole Triandis While individualistic relationships tend to work as social contracts, collectivist relationships work on agreeability Kemmelmeier Agreeability often comes at the cost of honesty, and specific forms of dishonesty can be socially sanctioned.
Collectivism also alters how people see social situations. For example, the traditional Japanese tea ceremony involves a group sitting in an uncomfortable position for about an hour around a fascinating object, with the highest ranking member sitting closest to the object and the lowest ranking member sitting the farthest away. The group members listen to the distinctive sounds of hot and cold water falling before tea is offered to the highest ranking member.
He must decline a specific number of times before accepting, after which the tea is offered to the second-highest ranking member. This calculated process of denial continues with each member and follows a strict sense of customs which must not be broken.
However, the formalized rituals of collectivism are fading as countries undergo rapid economic growth. For example, few in the younger Japanese population have experienced a tea ceremony Triandis This parallels a general decline in traditional roles, such as Japanese adults caring for elders Bellah Collectivists value conformity within the ingroup, but this is not so with relation to outgroups. Counterintuitively, those in highly collectivistic cultures can display anti-conformity at higher levels than those from individualistic cultures.
There is no need to resubmit your comment. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail. Written by : gene Brown. Individualistic cultures and behavior. Very Well Mind. Culture Matters: Individualism vs. Collectivism in Conflict Decision-Making. Societies, , 3, —; doi Collectivism: Cultural Concerns.
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Jean Brown is a Registered Psychologist, licensed professional teacher, and a freelance academic and creative writer. She has been teaching social science courses both in the undergrad and graduate levels.
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